The sources

Automation, AI, and the Intergenerational Transmission of Knowledge

Ide, Enrique · CEPR Discussion Paper No. 20940 · 16 December 2025; revised 8 June 2026

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The research foundation for the missing-rung argument: when automation removes junior tasks, it may also interrupt the everyday transfer of tacit knowledge from experienced workers to beginners.

Cited in

Ide, Enrique. ‘Automation, AI, and the Intergenerational Transmission of Knowledge.’ CEPR Discussion Paper No. 20940, 2025; revised 8 June 2026.