The sources

Chapter 15. Judgement

27 sources behind this chapter. Each one carries a note on what it is doing in the argument.

The chapter itself, for readers of the book

  1. What Authentic Leadership Looks Like Under Pressure

    Purushothaman, Deepa, and Colleen Ammerman Harvard Business Review, 10 March 2026

    Conceptual debt beneath the chapter’s broader account of leadership under pressure. The article supports naming uncertainty, making explicit value-anchored trade-offs, sharing responsibility and modelling boundaries. It does not describe the chapter’s two-type split and is not evidence for the observation that some leaders centralise every decision.

    Open this source Read the original

    Purushothaman, Deepa, and Colleen Ammerman. 'What Authentic Leadership Looks Like Under Pressure.' Harvard Business Review, 10 March 2026. (Conceptual debt: naming uncertainty, making value-anchored trade-offs and sharing responsibility under pressure.)

  2. First Drafts: AI-Powered Litigation Drafting Assistant

    First Drafts, LLC First Drafts, n.d.; accessed 31 July 2026

    The official product page identifies First Drafts as a generative-AI system for producing first drafts of litigation documents. It also says plainly that the system is not hallucination-free and that its output must remain a draft for a lawyer to review. The court order, rather than the company website, is the source confirming that Kathleen Wilson used it in Withers v. City of Aberdeen.

    Open this source Read the original

    First Drafts, LLC. 'First Drafts: AI-Powered Litigation Drafting Assistant.' Accessed 31 July 2026. https://www.firstdrafts.ai/.

  3. Agents, robots, and us: Skill partnerships in the age of AI

    Yee, Lareina, et al McKinsey Global Institute, 25 November 2025

    The source behind the chapter’s hopeful reading: AI changes how human skills are used rather than making them obsolete. It supports the shift from producing first drafts to framing questions and interpreting results, and the continuing importance of judgement, problem-solving and negotiation.

    Open this source Read the original

    Yee, Lareina, et al. 'Agents, robots, and us: Skill partnerships in the age of AI.' McKinsey Global Institute, 25 November 2025.

  5. Dealing with AI’s cultural debt

    Deloitte Insights Global Human Capital Trends, March 2026

    The source for ‘cultural debt’: the accumulation of weakened norms, skills and decision habits when organisations adopt AI faster than they decide how people should use it.

    Open this source Read the original

    Deloitte Insights. 'Dealing with AI's cultural debt.' 2026 Global Human Capital Trends, March 2026.

  6. Your Brain on ChatGPT: Accumulation of Cognitive Debt

    Kosmyna, Nataliya, et al MIT Media Lab / arXiv:2506.08872, June 2025

    Used cautiously in the discussion of cognitive debt. It was a preprint, not yet peer-reviewed, so the book treats it as an early warning rather than a settled verdict.

    Open this source Read the original

    Kosmyna, Nataliya, et al. 'Your Brain on ChatGPT: Accumulation of Cognitive Debt.' MIT Media Lab / arXiv:2506.08872, June 2025. (Preprint; not peer-reviewed at time of study.)

  7. The Work AI Index 2026: Botsitting, Botshitting, and the Hidden Human Labor of AI at Work

    Glean Work AI Institute Glean Work AI Institute, 10 June 2026

    The judgement chapter uses this survey of 6,000 workers to name the hidden labour around AI: checking, correcting and supervising the tool after the supposedly automatic work is done.

    Open this source Read the original

    Glean Work AI Institute. 'The Work AI Index 2026: Botsitting, Botshitting, and the Hidden Human Labor of AI at Work.' 10 June 2026. (6,000 digital workers, US/UK/Australia; Stanford, UC Berkeley and five other universities.)

  8. Detecting the Secret Cyborgs

    Mollick, Ethan One Useful Thing, 18 June 2023

    Mollick’s account of the ‘secret cyborgs’ already using AI inside organisations before policy had caught up. The judgement problem begins when the tool is hidden and nobody knows what was checked.

    Open this source Read the original

    Mollick, Ethan. 'Detecting the Secret Cyborgs.' One Useful Thing, 18 June 2023.

  10. Automation Bias in Large Language Model-Assisted Diagnostic Reasoning among Physicians Trained in AI Literacy: A Randomized Clinical Trial

    Qazi, I.A., et al NEJM AI, ; 3(5), 2026

    A clinical trial showing that AI literacy does not make physicians immune to automation bias. Even trained professionals can be pulled towards a confident wrong suggestion.

    Open this source Read the original

    Qazi, I.A., et al. 'Automation Bias in Large Language Model-Assisted Diagnostic Reasoning among Physicians Trained in AI Literacy: A Randomized Clinical Trial.' NEJM AI, 2026; 3(5). doi.org/10.1056/AIoa2501001

  11. Withers v. City of Aberdeen, Sanction Order

    US District Court, Northern District of Mississippi US District Court, Northern District of Mississippi, 8 June 2026

    The court order behind the legal example in the judgement chapter, where invented material produced with AI still left a named lawyer standing in front of a judge to answer for it.

    Open this source Read the original

    Withers v. City of Aberdeen, No. 1:24-CV-218-SA-RP, Sanctions Order, Document 123 (N.D. Miss., 8 June 2026), Judge Sharion Aycock. https://docs.justia.com/cases/federal/district-courts/mississippi/msndce/1%3A2024cv00218/50181/123.

  12. When Using AI Leads to “Brain Fry”

    Bedard, Julie, Matthew Kropp, Megan Hsu, Olivia T. Karaman, Jason Hawes, and Gabriella Rosen Kellerman Harvard Business Review, 5 March 2026

    This study supplies the ‘brain fry’ numbers: more serious errors, more decision fatigue and a point at which adding another AI tool stopped helping and began making the work worse.

    Open this source Read the original

    Bedard, Julie, Matthew Kropp, Megan Hsu, Olivia T. Karaman, Jason Hawes, and Gabriella Rosen Kellerman. 'When Using AI Leads to “Brain Fry”.' Harvard Business Review, 5 March 2026.

  13. Navigating the Jagged Technological Frontier

    Dell'Acqua, Fabrizio, et al HBS Working Paper 24-013, 2023

    The study behind the ‘jagged frontier’: AI can make people dramatically better on tasks inside its capability boundary and actively worse just beyond it.

    Open this source Read the original

    Dell'Acqua, Fabrizio, et al. 'Navigating the Jagged Technological Frontier.' HBS Working Paper 24-013, 2023.

  14. The Effective Executive

    Drucker, Peter F Harper & Row, 1967

    The chapter borrows Drucker’s old distinction between doing things right and doing the right things. AI is increasingly good at the first; judgement begins with the second.

    Open this source Read the original

    Drucker, Peter F. The Effective Executive. Harper & Row, 1967. (Conceptual debt: doing things right versus doing the right thing.)

  15. Leaders Feel Their Agency Eroding—and They’re Starting to Withdraw

    Wedell-Wedellsborg, Merete Harvard Business Review, 23 March 2026

    Conceptual debt for the withdrawal half of the chapter’s leadership observation. The article describes leaders losing agency and withdrawing from decision-making and the emotional labour of leadership under prolonged volatility. It does not support the separate observation that some leaders pull every decision into their own hands and become bottlenecks.

    Open this source Read the original

    Wedell-Wedellsborg, Merete. 'Leaders Feel Their Agency Eroding—and They’re Starting to Withdraw.' Harvard Business Review, 23 March 2026. (Conceptual debt: leaders withdrawing from decision-making under prolonged uncertainty.)

All the sources, chapter by chapter