15 sources
The curly-dark-hair background-removal example.
Communications of the ACM. 'When AI Tools Train on AI Output: Model Collapse in Daily Workflows.' 6 February 2026. (The curly-dark-hair background-removal example.)
Communications of the ACM. 'Model Collapse Is Already Happening, We Just Pretend It Isn't.' 25 March 2026.
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Shumailov, I., Shumaylov, Z., Zhao, Y., Papernot, N., Anderson, R., and Gal, Y. 'AI Models Collapse When Trained on Recursively Generated Data.' Nature 631 (July 2024): 755-759. doi.org/10.1038/s41586-024-07566-y
Shumailov, I., et al. 'The Curse of Recursion: Training on Generated Data Makes Models Forget.' arXiv:2305.17493, 2023.
Alemohammad, S., et al. 'Self-Consuming Generative Models Go MAD.' arXiv:2307.01850, 2023.
Briesch, M., Sobania, D., and Rothlauf, F. 'Large Language Models Suffer from Their Own Output.' arXiv:2311.16822, 2023.
Gerstgrasser, M., et al. 'Is Model Collapse Inevitable? Breaking the Curse of Recursion by Accumulating Real and Synthetic Data.' arXiv:2404.01413, 2024.
Schaeffer, R., Kazdan, J., Arulandu, A.C., and Koyejo, S. 'Position: Model Collapse Does Not Mean What You Think.' arXiv:2503.03150, 2025.
Villalobos, P., et al. 'Will We Run Out of Data? Limits of LLM Scaling Based on Human-Generated Data.' ICML 2024. arXiv:2211.04325
AI-generated content flooding the internet; the sameness of AI writing. Conceptual debt.
Mollick, Ethan. 'Choosing to Stay Human.' One Useful Thing, 26 May 2026. (AI-generated content flooding the internet; the sameness of AI writing. Conceptual debt.)